Religious fundamentalism and terrorism

Strict fundamentalism and fear mongering are results of globalization. Examine. † Following proof of a rejuvenation in strict confidence all through the world, and a progression of fear based oppressor episodes purportedly inspired by strict fundamentalism, different observers have contended globalization has introduced new types of radical strict conviction and articulation and a one of a kind type of contemporary terrorism.This article battles that while different types of strict conviction and psychological warfare have been available in every single human culture where assembly of gatherings has happened, strict independence and the present instances of fear based oppression are unmistakably current wonders personally bound to the procedures and results of globalization. This paper will look at right off the bat how globalization has gone about as an impetus for the development in strict fundamentalism and a resultant ascent in strictly Justified brutality, and besides how the inconsistent encounters of globalization has prompted an ascent in fear monger activity.Specifically, the thought of an apparent need for a reassertion of strictness as a reaction to globalization will be analyzed, especially because of; the peacefulness and conflict of convictions and thoughts; powers of secularism; the outcomes of advancement and the nerves related with social interruption; and the issue of expanded force combination and a resultant increment by and large weakness will be investigated.Expressions of religion, and political savagery have been ever-present in the public arena, and are commonly intelligent of that specific time of human relations; strict fundamentalism and contemporary psychological warfare in this way, are the extraordinary articulations of the globalizes world. The idea of globalization is fairly vague, it isn't through and through new, however is coming progressively interchangeable with the twentieth century. Basically, globalization is a pro gressing pattern whereby the world has †in numerous regards and at a by and large quickening rate †become one generally borderless social circle. Explicitly the last twenty to thirty years have seen an exponential speed up globalization and its effects. 3 McGraw characterizes globalization as â€Å"a recorded procedure including a major move or change in the spatial size of human social association that joins far off networks and extends the span of intensity happiness across areas and landmasses. â€Å"4 Globalization is at that point, the pattern towards an undeniably interconnected society, with an intermingling of societies, spread of data and ideas.From the innovative blast that made business air travel, broadcast communications and the web, social orders and societies are progressively connected and impacted by each other. Jan Intervene Pitters contends that expanding multifaceted correspondence, portability, relocation, exchange, speculation, and the travel indust ry all produce consciousness of social distinction, prompting uncertainty and unpredictability in the direction of self-personality. 5 It is this vulnerability that has driven analysts to attest that strict fundamentalism and contemporary fear based oppression are results of globalization.Religious fundamentalism can be comprehensively characterized as a specific type of strict articulation. Fundamentalists guarantee to be the upholders of conventionality that is the ‘right' doctrines, qualities and convictions; they additionally guarantee to maintain orthographies that is the ‘right' implicit rules and practices. 6 as far as the strict network, fundamentalism is unmistakable from conservatism and conventional conviction, and misleads the extraordinary of strict articulation. As indicated by Earthen, â€Å"it is a strict method of being, that show itself in a methodology by which ambushed devotees endeavor to protect their particular way of life as a people or gathering even with advancement and colonization. â€Å"8 Here Earthen battles that in the ever-changing globalizes world, even with inner conflict and uncertainty, people and gatherings go to religion so as to give a feeling of sureness and social identity.For strict fundamentalists, religion itself gives an instant bundle of arrangements, they attest their own comprehension of these as the way to explaining humankind crucial life; as the best approach to clarify why things are turning out badly on the planet; and as an approach to engage the individuals who feel feeble and pounded by the world. It is battled that it is the consequences of globalization that have pushed numerous to strict fundamentalism.Terrorism has been available insofar as individuals have congregated in social orders, in spite of the fact that the term psychological oppression is considered to undoubtedly have started around the French Revolution of the eighteenth century concerning the rule of fear. Al An all inclusiv e calculated meaning of psychological oppression, Lutz and Lutz contend, has never been set up and settled upon, they point to the absence of a typical characterization in the worldwide circle as proof of this. 2 However for the reasons for progress, Bergsten battles that psychological oppression can be characterized as, â€Å"the planned utilization of brutality by a non-state gathering to acquire a political, strict, or social target through dread or terrorizing coordinated at a huge crowd. â€Å"13 Simply, psychological warfare includes three primary variables; first the utilization or danger of utilization of viciousness, also it is emulated at accomplishing a political target, and third it requires a group of people bigger than the prompt survivors of the brutality itself.Significantly, fear mongering is a microcosm of the more extensive society from which it is drawn;14 in this way it will continually transform and be consistently remarkable to a specific timeframe, in any c ase, the current discussion encompasses the dispute that in the contemporary period, it is globalization that has roused and molded the structure fear mongering has taken.Globalization and the assembly and conflict of thoughts, data and convictions natural for it has introduced a test of plural and equal cases too single god r conviction framework, it is contended that this procedure of globalization has pushed numerous to fundamentalist types of strict articulation, to reassert the ‘correctness'1 5 of their religion. As Featheriness notes, â€Å"the procedure of globalization prompts the pressure of culture. Things in the past held separated are presently brought into contact and juxtaposition. sixteenth experience Featheriness features is presently normal on a worldwide level on account of globalization, with the presentation of new thoughts, of religion and god being contrasted with recently held convictions. Devotees of monotheistic religions, such s Islam, Judaism and Ch ristianity all face new and plural cases to their religion, additionally professing to have information on and access to the ‘one valid' god, and ‘one valid' approach to speak with themed.Karen Armstrong contends that a go to strict fundamentalism and for a few, strictly propelled viciousness is an endeavor to reaffirm their god, religion and specific conviction framework, and is an endeavor to push the all inclusive utilization of their convictions. 18 Here like the reaction to a befuddled world, globalization makes difficulties to current strict convictions, this halogen addresses the convictions of many, pushing numerous to respond.Some Armstrong contends, are inspired to vicious articulations of their longing for strict all inclusiveness, asserting that much contemporary strictly persuaded fear based oppression is a response to the familiarity with the majority of religions, a consequence of the procedures of globalization. Moreover, religions face extra difficulties , from a majority of cases to being the ‘one valid' god, religion's hazard a relativistic all things considered. Padding calls attention to that, â€Å"the winding of relativism of culture through expanded contact, Juxtaposition and lashing, makes numerous inquiries regarding since quite a while ago held arrangements of culture. Rehire Featheriness takes note of that consciousness of various cases of monotheistic religions to be the sole widespread religion dangers degrading every one of these cases, god may never again be all inclusive however more socially or racially explicit. Discomfort Earthen portrays the vulnerability this makes as a â€Å"crisis of faith† and further shows it as â€Å"anxieties created by the idea that there are methods of living and accepting other than those esteemed by one's gathering's adaptation of the divinity. 20 Similarly to plural cases of monotheistic religions, the test presented by a relativistic of religion contends Armstrong,21 p ushes numerous to accept that the reassertion of strict comprehensiveness is essential, provoking numerous to just rehash and bear witness to their religions all inclusiveness and prevalence by turning over extraordinary types of strict fundamentalism, yet in addition is answerable for current patterns of strictly spurred psychological warfare as a reaction to the to a great extent present day marvel that is globalization.The coming of globalization has additionally tried religion by lecturing the spread of secularism and the standardization of religion natural for it. As a reaction, numerous adherents have been additionally solidified towards fundamentalist ways to deal with religion, while others have been enlivened to savagery so as to reassert the significance of religion in the cutting edge secularism world. Discomfort Earthen contends that the secularist perfect that strict convictions ought to be fill in for logical proof and reasonability has ruled out religion in standard s ociety. 2 The present pattern being that strict ideas are believed to be to some degree emotional and that progressively objective and solid types of overseeing society ought to be utilized, pushing elision out of the open circle, and into just the private area. Manipulates proposes that â€Å"fundamentalists restrict secularism; they trust it is the purpose behind the social and good decay of society. â€Å"23 Here battling that fundamentalists see mainstream administration as the foe of religion, they dismiss the idea that reason and sanity can give them important answers for their social and individual problems.W

Nuclear Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atomic Power - Essay Example This article will concentrate on atomic force concentrating on potential points of interest and disservices. Research shows that atomic vitality is practical, be that as it may; this type of vitality has additionally been related with the various dangers it stances to nature. Probably the most widely recognized atomic calamities known incorporate the Three Mile Island Accident (1979), Chernobyl debacle (1986) and the Fukushima Daiichi atomic catastrophe (2011) (Cravens, 2007). Be that as it may, specialists are as yet completing examination with respect to security upgrades in atomic vitality. This is with the sole point of seeing whether atomic power’s perilous side can be disposed of. This will at that point guarantee that rivals of atomic force grasp its creation, testing and extreme use. The nations that have altogether put resources into atomic vitality incorporate the China, United States and Japan. For this situation, the United States was perceived as the biggest maker of atomic vitality. As a rule, atomic vitality is utilized in impetus of boats (atomic marine drive), creation of power and space vehicles among different employments. Previously, the greater part of the nations utilized atomic force in development of weapons of mass pulverization. This was generally predominant in the World War II time (Cravens, 2007). All in all, atomic force has been distinguished as an ordinary fuel asset. This includes the utilization of the uranium component which is a constituent of earth and shakes found in enormous water bodies. Moreover, the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) is a worldwide association which was set up to advance the security consciousness of atomic offices (Cravens,

Trifles and symbols Essay Example For Students

Wastes of time and images Essay In the play titled Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, Minnie Foster Wright is being blamed for killing her significant other, John. In this creation, Mrs. Wright is reliably referenced, and in spite of the fact that she isn't seen, she is entirely conspicuous. There are significant images in this play means Mrs. Wright and her reality as it used to be and as it at present exists to be. Especially the canary, this represents Mrs. Wrights since a long time ago overlooked past. Furthermore, the birdcage, this represents her life as it presently exists. Unquestionably the blanket is an image, which is a significant hint on how Mr. Wright was executed. Furthermore, the armchair, this represents her life as it has lessened all through the length of her most as of late endure years. Finally, however not least, the compartments of cherry jam that appear to be an image of the glow and sympathy that she presently can't seem to find in her life. All of these represents and describes Mrs. Wrights character and her reality in the play. The canary and the birdcage are representative to Mrs. Wrights life in the manner that the winged creature speaks to her, and the enclosure speaks to her life and the manner in which she was made to live. Mrs. We will compose a custom exposition on Trifles and images explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Solidness thinks about the canary that she and Mrs. Dwindles find to Mrs. Wright, when Mrs. Robust alludes to Mrs. Wright as sort of like a feathered creature herselfreal sweet and pretty, yet sort of shy andfluttery. Minnie Foster was a particularly unexpected lady in comparison to Minnie Foster Wright, which was, clearly before she and John were hitched. She dressed urgently in eye-finding attire, and was one of the town young ladies that sang in the ensemble. While the canary was unimaginably vivacious and sang delightfully did as well, Mrs. Cultivate. John Wright was dreadfully damaging towards Mrs. Wright, in the implies that he expected her to carry on with her life tantamount to a confined feathered creature. He acquired her opportunity from the outside world, consequently, clarifies why she perceived herself in the winged animal. This clarifies for the thinking of their home being far slowed down into the forested areas and having no telephone utility. She wandered out, just when she was permitted, and accepting that John additionally didn't permit her to have companions, this prompted the murdering of the canary. The blanket is one significant piece of information with regards to how Minnie murdered her better half. The ladies were attempting to make sense of on the off chance that she would sew or not the blanket. All things considered, Mr. Wright was choked in a bizarre way, exactly how the bunch was wrecked in red string. The men ignored it butt Mrs. Robust and Mrs. Dwindles comprehended what had occurred. Mrs. Wright is alluded to when Mrs. Solidness discusses her by utilizing her birth name, when saying I wish youd seen Minnie Foster when she wore a white dress with blue strips and stood up there in the ensemble and sang. The old recliner represents Mrs. Wright as she has permitted herself to deteriorate, similarly as the recliner has devalued. The seat drooped to the other side, Mrs. Robust expressed that the seat was nothing similar to she alluded, to the way that Mrs. Wright has likewise changed since she recalled. This shows Minnie Foster, who was once something to take a gander at, formed into the torn down looking Minnie Wright. It was an itemized task that necessary long stretches of troublesome work in the high temperature of the kitchen. She took a lot of pride in her creation since she connected herself with the jam, as this was the single thing in her life that she truly valued. To occupy the time in the miserable family that had become her jail, she canned fruits that would give her a guarantee of something to anticipate exposed, fresh winter. At the point when the sub zero cold temperatures discovered Minnie in a prison cell, faraway from her kitchen, and her jelly, she wound up worried that the containers would freeze up and break. At the point when the frigidity situated it into the house, the containers broke and created a clingy mess, practically identical to the bedlam that she had now set her life in. Minnie had a paltry measure of .

9 ways on how to turn your hobby into a successful business

9 different ways on the best way to transform your side interest into an effective business Interests are something we appreciate doing when we have available time. Regardless of whether it’s painting, playing sports, or in any event, planting, side interests assist us with unwinding while at the same time accomplishing something we love. Imagine a scenario where there was an approach to get paid to do your leisure activity. All things considered, there is! Here are 9 different ways you can transform your pastime into a beneficial business. It’s time to get paid for something you really love to do. Source [ Omni Papers ]

Analyzing San Manuel Bueno, Martyr Truth in Times of Great Uncertainty and Collective Disillusionment - Literature Essay Samples

Written in late 1930, just after the fall of military dictator Primo de Rivera, San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir was published at a time of economic downturn and political instability. King Alfonso XIII remained on the throne but shared the popular dislike of Rivera, meanwhile the republicans, who were mostly anti-clerical, were rapidly gaining support ahead of the municipal elections. In his ‘nivola’, Unamuno explores the idea of Truth. I will take this to mean that which is in accordance with fact or reality and not necessarily containing a transcendental meaning, although this may be the case. Unamuno utilises both form and content to portray the elusive nature of Truth and the importance of perception and belief when dwelling on the question of Truth, something that was particularly relevant given the historical context. The notion of Truth, especially where it is related to the eternal quest for religious truth and the question of faith, is clearly prominent in the content of the novel. Don Manuel commits himself to a life of deliberate falsehood because he believes there are some truths too awful to be told, ‘la verdad†¦ es acaso algo terrible, algo intolerable; la gente sencilla no podrà ­a vivir con ella’[1]. Manuel believes that knowledge of the miserable Truth about existence is a burden too heavy for the common man. He believes that life can either be led in blissful ignorance of humankind’s mortal, temporal nature through belief in a God and an Afterlife, or in knowledge of the fact we are ultimately doomed to die. This, in turn, raises the question of the value of religion and blind faith in the modern world. San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir is, in fact, a novel that stands completely against the progressive cause; Là ¡zaro’s spiritual death is associated with hi s exposure to progressivism in the New World. There is a particularly uncomfortable line when Manuel echoes Karl Marx, ‘Opio†¦ Opio†¦ Opio, sà ­. Dà ©mosle opio, y que duerma y que sueà ±e’[2]; the comparison of religion to opium and emphatic repetition of the word in dialogue gives the sense of being lulled into a dream-like state. It appears as though Unamuno is propagating religion’s advantages and, specifically by presenting Manuel as the hero of the novel, he seems to be endorsing happiness based on blind faith and tradition. In this way, arguably the Truth in terms of discovering the meaning of life is actually irrelevant because having faith in the Truth is simply a means to an end; a way in which the common man is able to live his life in contentment and without fear. Unamuno himself is known to have had recurring thanatophobia which arose partly from his religious crisis in 1897; he said that, ‘My religion is to seek for truth in life and for life in truth, even knowing that I shall not find them while I live’[3] and believed that much of all human activity was an attempt to survive, in some form, after our death. He wrote in his diary that he had two choices, to become a Catholic or to live a life of depression[4]. San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir actually goes a step further and makes many suggestions that the truth about the function of religion actually goes back throughout history. Simply by the name ‘Manuel’, which in Hebrew is ‘Immanuel’, Manuel’s patron is Christ himelf- ‘su santo patron era el mismo Jesà ºs Nuestro Seà ±or’[5]. Furthermore, the spiritual ‘resurrection’ of Là ¡zaro in chapter 13 can be directly compared to the story of Christ and Lazarus in St. John 11:1-45. In fact, throughout the whole novel allusions are made towards the fact that Manuel is supposed to be a representation of Jesus Christ himself; he is able to cure the sick, he has carpentry skills, and his ‘voz divina’ moves the congregation in a transcendent way, making the village tremble as he cries, ‘ ¡Dios mà ­o!  ¡Dios mà ­o!  ¿Por quà © me has abandonado?[6]. Manuel also reports to Lazaro that more than one of the greatest sai nts had died without believing in the afterlife. Thus Unamuno implants the idea in the reader’s mind that some of the Church’s leading figures have died without believing in the immortality of the soul. When thinking about the notion of Truth in San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir, consideration of form is both crucial and easily overlooked. In terms of narrative structure, the whole story is a second-hand report of the life of Don Manuel. This basic displacement is complicated further because Manuel never actually confides in Angela, and she learns the indispensible information about his disbelief from her brother, Là ¡zaro. Thus the story becomes refracted two-fold and is often a third-hand account of events and feelings. Furthermore, our familiar notions of truth and reality are shaken because of the unreliable nature of Angela’s narration; she is an elderly woman whose memory is fading- ‘empiezen a blanquear con mi cabeza mis recuerdos’[7] and she actually says that she is not sure whether she dreamt the whole episode, ‘yo no sà © lo que es verdad’[8]. However, in addition to this complication in the storyline, Unamuno tries to confuse the reader in th e final section of the novel. Not only does he insinuate that Angela is a fantastic character and suggest that fiction and reality are fundamentally the same thing, but he implies that everything in the text is, although fictional, also in some way true- ‘esta realidad no se me ocurre dudar; creo en ella mà ¡s que creà ­a el mismo santo; creo en ella mà ¡s que creo en mi propria realidad’[9]. This leaves the reader pondering the idea that Don Manuel represents some significant Truth and, in this way, is more real than Unamuno himself. Yet at the same time we are left with an unreliable narration, a subjective report of feelings and events that leave us with the unsettling feeling that we cannot reach a core of certainty, that the truth is held frustratingly out of reach. These different levels of truth are often played on in novels of the post-realist era, perhaps because writers no longer believed in the objective, stable reality they were writing about; instead, th ey portrayed subjective realities dealing with individual consciousness and perception. The choice of Unamuno to question the narrator’s authority and employ metafiction forces the reader to think about the relationship between fiction and reality at a time of political and social upheaval. Many critics of Unamuno’s works claim that San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir is an accurate representation of his own beliefs about the truth of life and religion, however he said on one of his most famous pronouncements that everyone should face the miserable fact of our mortal existence at all costs, even if it means sacrificing our happiness[10]. Whereas Don Manuel wants to keep the people ignorant because it means they can lead their lives in contentment, Unamuno devoted much of his life and work to shaking his readers out of their complacency and forcing them, not only to face the tragic nature of the human condition, but also to question the fictional truth which he was laying before them. By giving the reader an ‘artistic document’ in the form of San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir he invites the reader to search for the truth within the story, whilst knowing full well that the reader will never be able to find the truth because everything which is told is subjective and a matter of perception rather than holding some higher literary truth. The fact that the reader can never hope to find out the truth about Don Manuel is a reflection of the limited access we have to the knowledge of others. It also emphasises that narratives, whether ficticious or historical, can never be taken as records of facts because they are always written from a certain viewpoint and a certain bias in which the reader can never find a core of certainty. Unamuno described the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John as novels and not history, just as Angela’s memoir is a personal interpretation of a life, and these accounts will always only have partial links with reality. As a result of this, the truth always eludes the reader because each person has a different version of his or her reality. Moreover, this can be applied to the unstable political situation of late 1930; with the municipal elections looming, the republican and monarchist parties were making heavy use o f rhetoric. However, Unamuno’s novella emphasises that men cannot hope to find the truth of what is the right path to take, not only because it is obscured behind each person’s view of reality, but also because the public self is separate from the yo à ­ntimo which holds the key to the ‘real’ personality. Unamuno utilises symbols throughout the novel to dwell on the notion of truth. The lake is one of the most obvious symbols but one which has different meanings depending on the context in the novel. For Manuel and Là ¡zaro, the lake is reminiscent of death and oblivion. The lake reminds them of their ultimate fate, and Manuel in particular identifies with it when he becomes suicidal, ‘habà ­a en sus ojos toda la hondura azul de nuestro lago’[11]. Contrastingly, for Angela the lake is a warm reminder of her home, and the drowned village reassures her of the promise of immortality because she imagines she can here the ‘voz de nuestros muertos que en nosotros resucitaban en la communion de los santos’[12]. For Manuel, on the other hand, the truth that life is brief and meaningless is submerged in his soul just as the village is submerged in the lake. Thus, the lake is an ambiguous and cruel symbol in the novel, which functions to contrast meaning between thos e who know the harsh truth and those who believe in the immortality of the soul. In fact, the key to other symbols also lies in the notion of contrast. For instance, Manuel feels moved by falling snowflakes but it appears that it is, in fact, the notion of something appearing and disappearing with such ease that provokes his thoughts. Similarly, he makes a comment to Là ¡zaro contrasting what is stable and what is fleeting, ‘ ¿Has visto, Là ¡zaro, misterio mayor que el de la nieve cayendo en el lago y muriendo en à ©l mientras cubre con su toca a la montaà ±a?[13]. Thus for Manuel, he finds symbolic meaning in things which reflect his lifelong struggle between the desire to live and a longing for death. Considering the use of symbols from a difference stance, their presence in the novel actually serves to show how we cannot hope to find a single truth of meaning; the symbols arise in the minds of specific characters in specific contexts. They are simply another way in wh ich Unamuno keeps the truth about San Manuel just out of our reach. San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir explores truth in many of its different facets. It dwells on the Truth about mortality, the knowledge of which is portrayed as a burden too great for the common man to be able to live with. The novel proposes that religion; Catholicism in particular, functions to allow men to live in contentment. But Unamuno also dwells on the elusive nature of truth in literature because anything that is written or spoken will always be a matter of perception and in this way the reader can never reach a basis of certainty. At a time of political turmoil in Spain, Unamuno’s novel was particularly relevant because it questioned the people’s accessibility to the truth behind public discourse, and also raised questions about the benefits and problems with religion and also with the radical progressivism which was shaking Spain to its core in 1930. [1] M. De Unamuno, San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir. Focus Publishing (2004) p25 [2] ibid. p32 [3] M. De Unamuno, Mi Religià ³n y Otros Ensayos Breves. Espasa Calpe (1986) [4] Diario à ­ntimo (Madrid: Alianza, 1970) [5] M. De Unamuno, San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir. p6 [6] ibid p6 [7] ibid p46 [8] ibid. p44 [9] ibid. p45 [10] M. De Unamuno, Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho, OC, IV, pp.227-8 [11] M. De Unamuno, San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir. p2 [12] ibid p8 [13] ibid p30 Bibliography Books DE UNAMUNO, M. San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir (Focus Publishing: R Pullins Company, 2004) BUTT, J. Critical Guides to Spanish Texts No.31, Miguel de Unamuno: San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir (Grant and Cutlet Ltd, 1981) DE UNAMUNO, M. Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho (Distribooks; Poc Edition, February 1987) DE UNAMUNO, M. Mi Religià ³n y Otros Ensayos Breves (Espasa Calpe, 1986) Articles SUMMERHILL, S.J. ‘San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir’ and the Reader. In Anales de la literature espaà ±ola contemporà ¡nea. Vol.10, No.1/3 (Society of Spanish and Spanish-American Studies, 1985) GLANNON, W. Unamuno’s San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir: Ethics through Fiction. In Hispanic Issue, Vol.102, No.2 (The John Hopkins University Press, March 1987) LONGHURST, C.A. The Problem of Truth in ‘San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir’. In The Modern Language Review, Vol. 76, No. 3 (Modern Humanities Research Association, July 1981) GORDON, M. The Elusive Self: Narrative Method and Its Implications in San Manuel Bueno, mà ¡rtir. In Hispanic Review, Vol.54, No.2 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Spring 1986)

NURSING PROFESSION AND HISTORY - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION Nursing is a demanding profession. Nurses are bombarded daily with many tasks and responsibilities. Nursing today is practiced in various settings and is a vital part of the health care system. Nurses are present in hospitals, schools, rehabilitation centres, nursing homes, out-patient centres, clinics, and homes. A consumer perceives these professionals as trained individuals that work to contribute to a patients maintenance and health issues. Nursing is seen as an ever expanding field. The aim of this study was to find out the determinants of job satisfaction of nurses in Mauritius. The purpose was also to find out about the experiences of nurses in their hospital environment in Mauritius and to accumulate knowledge on the role of nurses in Mauritius. Also the criteria were that the nurses should have been educated in Mauritius and at the same time have a minimum of 2 years of experience in nursing field. According to nurses at Dr Jeetoo hospital where this study was carried out, no previous researches have been done investigating about job satisfaction among nurses in that hospital. Job satisfaction is generally regarded as an employees attitude toward the job and job si tuation. Spector (1997, p. 1) defines job satisfaction simply as the degree to which people like their jobs. Some people therefore enjoy work and consider it a central part of their lives while others do so only because they have to NURSING PROFESSION AND HISTORY One of the names that should not be forgotten in nursing is of Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale was also known as the Lady with the Lamp. Two of Florences greatest achievements were pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals (Audain, 1999). She gathered data on mortality and morbidity during the Crimean War at the hospital in Scutari. She used her skills in statistical analysis to argue for reform of the British Army medical system. Nursing, according to Henderson, includes both independent and interdependent aspects that must be taken into consideration in the development of the nurse and of nursing as a profession (Evers, 2003). Virginia Henderson believed that patient care was, and is, the major objective of nurses (Tourville and Ingalls, 2003). Nursing is accountable to the patient and family to provide the highest quality of care and the knowledge to provide this care. The nurse spends the most time with the patient and family which makes him/her accountable t o the interdisciplinary health care team to share information acquired that may be pertinent to their care (Hood and Leddy, 2003). The nurse is also accountable to self for his/her own actions and the actions of co-workers. Nursing profession in Mauritius Nurses in Mauritius assess, provide preventative, curative and rehabilitative care for the sick and disabled in a wide variety of settings including public hospitals and private clinics, the community services, and in industry. In Mauritius the regulating body for nurses is called Nursing Council of Mauritius (NCM). Although nursing has a long history of an ethic of care, the context in which nurses now practice has changed and expanded. Consequently, this has led to the establishment of the Code of Practice as nursing started orientating itself toward professionalism. (NCM Act 43) The Nursing Council of Mauritius code of practice explains what standards of care, patients and the public can expect from the workforce in the hospital, private clinics, and homes and in the community. It is not a collection of bulky rules, but instead briefly outlines a set of principles which nurses and midwives should use to inform and underpin their practice. (NCM Act 2003) According to nurses at Dr Jeetoo hospital in Mauritius most of them believed they are expected to get familiar with patient records, assists those who need help, be able to monitor their conditions and keep records of their patients. Also, they should be able to give patient counselling and educate the public about healthy living Definition of work and culture Different types of culture mean that different people have a different meaning of work. Things like art, music and literature are understood to be as culture in daily life as described by (Chapman 1992). As adults there is nothing that more preoccupies our lives than work. From the ages of approximately eighteen to seventy we will spend our lives working. We will not spend as much time sleeping, enjoying our families, eating, or recreating and resting as much as we will working. Whether we love our work or hate it, succeed in it or fail, achieve fame or infamy through it, like Sisyphus (Camus 1991) we are all condemned to push and chase that thing we call our job, our career, our work all of our days. Even those of us who desperately dont want to work, wrote famous poet Ogden Nash, must work in order to earn enough money so that they wont have to work anymore. Job satisfaction, Mauritian culture and work Job satisfaction is generally regarded as an employees attitude toward the job and job situation. Spector (1997, p. 1) defines job satisfaction simply as the degree to which people like their jobs. Some people therefore enjoy work and consider it a central part of their lives while others do so only because they have to. There have been several theories in conjunction with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction proposed by experts, but this work restricts its discussion to two main theories from two outstanding scholars, Maslow (1943) and Herzberg, et al. (1959). According to his theory, employees were motivated to satisfy when their five basic types of needs are fulfilled; they are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem and self-actualization. This theory suggests that there is a hierarchy of needs in which one or employee needs to satisfy his or her lower need adequately before stepping to a higher order need. Subsequently, once the employee has been able to f ulfil the need, it is highly likely that the need will no longer motivate employees behaviour at work, Stone (1998). Herzberg, et al (1959) proposed a theory known with the so-called two-factor theory or in other words known as a two-hierarchy of needs, namely first is motivators or satisfiers are higher needs for achievement or the individuals need for self-actualization in his work. They are the job itself, recognition, achievement, responsibility, and advancement. These then play role to determine either the job satisfaction or job performance. Afterwards is hygiene or maintenance factors are believed to be lower order needs they are: supervision, interpersonal relations, working conditions, status, salary, and advancement. If these factors are well administered by any organization, they can prevent employees negative attitudes or employees dissatisfaction. Mauritius has got a mix of culture locally called the salad of culture. This is so, because of the history of Mauritius. Dif ferent people from different parts of the world were brought into Mauritius as slaves, and this nowadays has resulted in different religions and cultures forming out. According to Central intelligence agency census, there is at present a population of more than one million of which Hindu religions is 48%, Roman Catholic 23.6%, Muslim 16.6%, other Christian 8.6%, other 2.5%, and unspecified 0.3%, none 0.4% according to the 2000 census. The ethnic group in Mauritius are as follows: Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, and Franco-Mauritian 2%. It is worth noting that Mauritius has 14 days of public holidays because of such difference in culture and religion thus respecting them all. According to the Central intelligence agency survey languages spoken by locals are as follows: Creole 80.5%, Bhojpuri 12.1%, French 3.4%, English; spoken by less than 1% of the population), other 3.7%, and unspecified 0.3%. In Mauritius, some people work for the satisfaction that comes from it while some strictly for money. The work force is about half of the total population and unemployment rate at 7.6% FACTORS INFLUENCING JOB SATISFACTION AND NURSING JOB SATISFACTION Job satisfaction is a complex variable and is influenced by factors of the job environment as well as dispositional characteristics of an individual. These factors have been arranged according to two dimensions, namely, extrinsic and intrinsic factors (Buitendach De Witte, 2005). The extrinsic factors include things like salary, promotion opportunities, co-workers, supervision and recognition. Intrinsic factors include personality, education, intelligence and abilities, age and marital status (Mullins, 1999). According to Spector (1997), these categories of factors often work together to influence job satisfaction too. As in the field of nursing a lot of researches have been done on nurses job satisfaction. Supervising and leadership factors were found to be playing important parts in nurses job satisfaction, according to Irvine Evans (1995, 249). At the same time the author mentions about how the job content and environmental factors play an important role in influencing job sat isfaction among nurses. According to Spector (1997), some research has attempted to investigate the interaction between job and person factors to see if certain types of people respond differently to different types of jobs. This approach states that there will be job satisfaction when characteristics of the job are matched to the characteristics of the person AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY The aim of this study was to find out the determinants of job satisfaction of nurses in Mauritius. The results obtained will not be generalised to all the working nurses in Mauritius. The purpose is to find out about the experiences of nurses in their hospital environment in Mauritius and to accumulate knowledge on the role of nurses in Mauritius. Some research questions that came out for the aims and objectives of the study are as follows: 1. What are the determinants of job satisfaction in Mauritius? 2. How do nurses feel working in Mauritius? In this study, all information has been obtained and processed anonymously, and without using any participants names. The data was put into groups and participants were clearly instructed not to sign or write their name in any part of the paper. The box that was in the staff room was sealed, and was checked if it has been tampered with before opening. Also the criteria were that the nurses should have been educated in Mauritius and at the s ame time have a minimum of 2 years of experience in nursing field. According to nurses at Dr Jeetoo hospital where this study was carried out, no previous researches have been done investigating about job satisfaction among nurses in that hospital RESEARCH METHODS Qualitative method The qualitative method style was used in this work because the study concentrates more at looking out for the factors that influence job satisfaction rather than to calculate it. (Dey 1993) mentioned that the qualitative data refer to the number depend on meaning, but in some cases, the level of the clearness of our concept and subject would have great influence on the usefulness of data that collected. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2003) argued that because of the interrelationship between qualitative data and its related collection process and research topic, the nature of qualitative data would have much implication on the collection process and analyzing phase. The research was conducted in three different places at Dr. Jeetoo hospital in Mauritius. They were the accident and emergency, the cancer unit and the burns units. This hospital is the main hospital and most advanced and biggest hospital in Mauritius. It has around 200 beds, and provides its services for ab out 25% of Mauritius population. It has both inpatient and outpatient services. The Chief Officer of the hospital was contacted by phone and permission was obtained. Afterwards, 28 nurses in the above mentioned wards were contacted and those willing to participate in the study came forward. Along with a letter (see appendices) explaining a summary of the study being conducted a questionnaire was given to the participating nurses.(See Appendix 1 and 2 ) A total of 15 questionnaires were given out and after five days the box meant for the filled questionnaire was fetched from the hospital staff rooms. Surprisingly, all the questionnaires were returned, but on closer inspection only 8 questionnaires were correctly filled. The others were half answered only and therefore those questions that could be taken into account were taken in the study. At the same time the open ended questions did not have much information on them too. Most of them, but not all had short phrases and words only. Data collection and analysis Qualitative data analysis was used to find the factors that influence job satisfaction among nurses. The questionnaire design played an important role in the data collection. It had to be in such a way so as to optimize the collection of qualitative data, so a semi-structure questionnaire was used, and questions were both open and close ended. Dillman (2000) points out that basically there are three types of data that can be collected through a well-designed questionnaire. They are opinion, behaviour and attribute. Therefore, each question on researchers questionnaire is ensuing that these essential data can be effectively collected. There are two distinct models for data collection and analysis. The first states that the data is collected and then analysed and the second model states that data collection and analysis can happen concurrently (Robson, 1993). The first type is as a positivist, quantitative approach and the second as a phenomenologist, qualitative approach. Qualitativ e data are considered to be the rough materials researchers collect from the world they are studying; they are the particulars that form the basis of analysis (Bogdan Biklen, 1992, p. 106) Content analysis method was used to process the information obtained through the questionnaire. First the data is identified, coded and then categorised. (Patton 1990, 281) So, all the questionnaires were read and then words, phrases and ideas which happened to used frequently was put down and the unit of analysis was formed by breaking those responses into words. The two main categories personal factors and job related factors were formed in advanced with the help of knowledge from previous studies, and the words were put under them. Only those words and group of words having the same meaning, or brings to the same idea was used. Those words were carefully chosen in different parts of the answers in the questionnaire, and then placed under the main categories. Once the questionnaires were no lon ger of use they were destroyed. RESULTS The response rate was 54%. Some questionnaires were not filled partially or at all, while others were not included in the results as it was considered misleading. For example a person who is between the ages of 20 to 29 and has a work experience of more than 10 years, is considered fallacious. Little information could be obtained from the questionnaire, so not all the open ended questions could be analysed properly. Questions that had been filled properly, have been process in a more approachable style. Nurses experiences of their work place The experiences of the nurses concerning their work were obtained from the last two questions in the questionnaire given out. (See questionnaire appendix) Explain your feelings towards this job Please write about your experiences as a nurse in this work place The nurses experiences were divided into three different categories. They were satisfying, demanding and the wish to help. Those three categories are explained below. Many nurses mentioned their work as satisfying. This was pointed in two directions, first one being able to see patients recovering and the other one being of patients relatives who credit them for their effort and work they do. The biggest joy in this work is to see the patients getting better. .really nice and respected when patients family understand and say thank you to me. The workplace, working conditions and the work itself was found to be also very demanding. It was considered so, because of the responsibility it carries. Lack of staff, lack of time, and lack of resources and over crowded hospitals all made their job more demanding and stressful. Most of the nurses mentioned that at times it gets too busy and they cannot cope with some situations, which worsens the work atmosphere. Sometimes we argue among ourselves because its so busy and I dont know what to do first .and have 2 young kids and I am forced to come to work on night shift.. too much responsibility for less money Many nurses pointed out their wish to help people who are suffering. They felt that they do something that comes from their heart. They felt that they do a noble job for the betterment of the society. . feel I am doing a job guided by god, to help sick Factors that influence job satisfaction Personal factors Wish to help From this study, the nurses felt that the biggest factor that influences their job satisfaction was the wish to help the sick patients. They felt that by helping them they felt and inner peace and thus the frequency that the term wish to help was found in the answer to the question Explain the personal factors that influence your job satisfaction was relatively high. .It helps me emotionally when I can help a patient. Money Also, quite surprisingly money was one of the personal factors that influence their job satisfaction. The female nurses, some of them explained that nursing felt like a women job often, and they were adding to the overall house income, and they felt quite satisfied with their salary. At the same time, some of those nurses who were not married felt that the factors that influence their job satisfaction was money because they felt they are underpaid, and too much responsibilities. Some nurses who had comparatively more working experiences than their w orking mates felt that the salary is not worth it, as there is not much gap between new comers and old nurses when the question about number of years in service were looked into the questionnaire. salary is like peanuts Job related factors Work demand The amount of work seemed among the main factors that affect the nurses and this lead to job dissatisfaction. Nurses felt that they had a lot of work to do in one shift and the amount of time they had to do paper work and clinical work could not be in harmony. The felt that more staff should be employed and that because the hospital cuts cost all the times, the amount of work power and resources were not enough. This resulted mainly in work stress and sometimes burnout. Work appreciation and type of work Most nurses felt that their job is however appreciation by patients and the society. This helped boost their morale and thus they felt respected. At the same time, the type of work that they do sometimes brought feelings that they are doing a dirty work. They had to clean diapers and take care of the hygienic needs of patients, which sometimes felt too much. this place is full of dirt and infections Its dirty in here 6.3. Ethical considerations In this study, all inform ation has been obtained and processed anonymously, and without using any participants names. The data was put into groups and participants were clearly instructed not to sign or write their name in any part of the paper. The box that was in the staff room was sealed, and was checked if it has been tampered with before opening. The questionnaires that were given were viewed only by the author and once their purposes were over they were destroyed DISCUSSION Reliability and integrity of this study This response rate in this study was 54% and the responses obtained seemed quite good too. The questionnaire was just good enough to answer this study answers. By using content analysis for this qualitative research, those categories chosen by one researcher can be different from another one, and raises eyebrows on the quality of coding too according to Wilson (1985, 411 412). The data obtained has been carefully analysed and divided into different sub-categories to make sure that this research comes to be as reliable as possible in Mauritius and the reader gets a clear picture concerning this study. The two main categories which were obtained through the help of knowledge from previous studies were chosen before the study results are out, thus helping towards putting the sub-categories under the main ones. At the same time, some categories were affecting others; meaning that all the factors that influence job satisfaction, influence each other too at the same time, under the same condition. The sample that was taken initially (n=15) was quite big sample and may be criticise for a qualitative study but it was done on precautionary measures because the response rate was thought to be lesser that what was expected. The response rate in this study was 54%, meaning that over half the amount of participant nurses had a wish to return the questionnaire and help in this study. The integrity of these results in my point of view will definitely differ over some years to come, as reforms and changes are under way by the government of Mauritius and the Nurse Council, so as to increase labour resources and revise nurses pay scale. This would then mean that more nurses would be satisfied with their work, and thus factors that now are affecting job satisfaction might change maybe in a decade time. As for what the results are, it shows that money was one of the personal factors that influence job satisfaction in Mauritius. This can be because Mauritius is a developing coun try. The general style of the answers were not that good, as some of the questions were not filled correctly while others were not filled at all. This lead to a problem for the author as deep information and the understanding of job satisfaction among nurses in Mauritius could not be gain as properly as anticipated beforehand. The questionnaire had been designed using knowledge from previous studies and questions on the questionnaires were designed to be as accurate as possible though they were open ended style. In this way it would assure the credibility of this study. Unfortunately some of the answers were not relevant to the study at all. Moreover, at times it was difficult to classify ideas under sub categories or bring a group of ideas together to form a phrase that could be put down in this study. The factor that can affect the integrity and credibility of this study is that even English is the official language in Mauritius, at times French also is used as official language. On the flip side of the coin, a French questionnaire was put into proposal, but because the majority of the nurses voted for English questionnaire, thus the latter was chosen Conclusion This study has been able to answer the questions that this research sited earlier. At the same time, this study showed that in general nurses in Mauritius were quite satisfied with their work. The factors which influenced their job satisfaction seemed to be more politically and managerial oriented for example not all the nurses were happy with the work place, some found it dirty place to work while others found it reasonably good. Salary was often mentioned the open ended question concerning the job related factors that affected them. Some of them were satisfied with their salary whereas others with more experience as a nurse saw that they were not that satisfied, thus as a nurse they could not help to influence those factors. Culturally it also showed that money is an important factor in job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction in Mauritius and it depended if the work as a nurse was a primary or secondary job in a family. In general most of the nurses seem to be satisfied or quite satisfied with their work, which shows that only a minority were not happy with this field and are still working. The quality of care is not same as in Europe but still the quality of care is at an acceptable level in the Mauritian point of view. At the moment the results from this study provides an updated information about job satisfaction of nurses in Mauritius and how nurses in Mauritius feel about their work place, worj atmosphere and employer. The management of the hospital will be given the results part of this study and they could in return understand and evaluate the suggestions of the nurses trough this study. At the same time through this study, new questions raised up for example the relationship between nurses and the management. Culture and job satisfaction showed to influence each other also, but other research methods cold be used to verify this study too. Moreover it has been shown in this work that factors that influence job satisfaction can indeed be broken into different parts as mentioned by Cranny, Smith and stone

Key Events in Portuguese History